{"id":39182,"date":"2023-12-15T18:07:13","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T14:07:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/?p=39182"},"modified":"2023-12-15T18:07:13","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T14:07:13","slug":"disinformation-is-rampant-on-social-media-a-social-psychologist-explains-the-tactics-used-against-you","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/disinformation-is-rampant-on-social-media-a-social-psychologist-explains-the-tactics-used-against-you\/","title":{"rendered":"Disinformation is rampant on social media \u2013 a social psychologist explains the tactics used against you"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

Disinformation campaigns often use a set of rhetorical devices that you can learn to spot, like conspiracy narratives, good versus evil framing, and revealed secrets.<\/span><\/h4>\n

Disinformation campaigns often use a set of rhetorical devices that you can learn to spot, like conspiracy narratives, good versus evil framing, and revealed secrets.<\/span><\/p>\n

Information warfare abounds, and everyone online has been drafted whether they know it or not.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span>Disinformation campaigns use emotional and rhetorical tricks to try to get you to share propaganda and falsehoods. Pic – Getty Images<\/span><\/p>\n

Disinformation is deliberately generated misleading content disseminated for selfish or malicious purposes. Unlike misinformation, which may be shared unwittingly or with good intentions, disinformation aims to foment distrust, destabilize institutions, discredit good intentions, defame opponents and delegitimize sources of knowledge such as science and journalism.<\/span><\/p>\n

Many governments engage in disinformation campaigns. For instance, the Russian government has used images of celebrities to attract attention to anti-Ukraine propaganda. Meta, parent company of Facebook and Instagram, warned on Nov. 30, 2023, that China has stepped up its disinformation operations.<\/span><\/p>\n

Disinformation is nothing new, and information warfare has been practiced by many countries, including the U.S. But the internet gives disinformation campaigns unprecedented reach. Foreign governments, internet trolls, domestic and international extremists, opportunistic profiteers and even paid disinformation agencies exploit the internet to spread questionable content. Periods of civil unrest, natural disasters, health crises and wars trigger anxiety and the hunt for information, which disinformation agents take advantage of.<\/span><\/p>\n

Certainly, it\u2019s worth watching for the warning signs for misinformation and dangerous speech, but there are additional tactics disinformation agents employ.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s just a joke<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hahaganda is a tactic in which disinformation agents use memes, political comedy from state-run outlets, or speeches to make light of serious matters, attack others, minimize violence or dehumanize, and deflect blame.<\/span><\/p>\n

This approach provides an easy defense: If challenged, the disinformation agents can say, \u201cCan\u2019t you take a joke?\u201d often followed by accusations of being too politically correct.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shhh \u2026 tell everyone<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Rumor-milling is a tactic in which the disinformation agents claim to have exclusive access to secrets they allege are being purposefully concealed. They indicate that you will \u201conly hear this here\u201d and will imply that others are unwilling to share the alleged truth \u2013 for example, \u201cThe media won\u2019t report this\u201d or \u201cThe government doesn\u2019t want you to know\u201d and \u201cI shouldn\u2019t be telling you this \u2026 .\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

But they do not insist that the information be kept secret, and will instead include encouragement to share it \u2013 for example, \u201cMake this go viral\u201d or \u201cMost people won\u2019t have the courage to share this.\u201d It\u2019s important to question how an author or speaker could have come by such \u201csecret\u201d information and what their motive is to prompt you to share it.<\/span><\/p>\n

People are saying<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Often disinformation has no real evidence, so instead disinformation agents will find or make up people to support their assertions. This impersonation can take multiple forms. Disinformation agents will use anecdotes as evidence, especially sympathetic stories from vulnerable groups such as women or children.<\/span><\/p>\n

Similarly, they may disseminate \u201cconcerned citizens\u2019\u201d perspectives. These layperson experts present their social identity as providing the authority to speak on a matter; \u201cAs a mother \u2026,\u201d \u201cAs a veteran \u2026,\u201d \u201cAs a police officer \u2026.\u201d Convert communicators, or people who allegedly change from the \u201cwrong\u201d position to the \u201cright\u201d one, can be especially persuasive, such as the woman who got an abortion but regretted it. These people often don\u2019t actually exist or may be coerced or paid.<\/span><\/p>\n

If ordinary people don\u2019t suffice, fake experts may be used. Some are fabricated, and you can watch out for \u201cinauthentic user\u201d behaviour, for example, by checking X \u2013 formerly Twitter \u2013 accounts using the Botometer. But fake experts can come in different varieties.<\/span><\/p>\n

A faux expert is someone used for their title but doesn\u2019t have actual relevant expertise.<\/span><\/p>\n

A pseudo expert is someone who claims relevant expertise but has no actual training.<\/span><\/p>\n

A junk expert is a sellout. They may have had expertise once but now say whatever is profitable. You can often find these people have supported other dubious claims \u2013 for example, that smoking doesn\u2019t cause cancer \u2013 or work for institutes that regularly produce questionable \u201cscholarship.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

An echo expert is when disinformation sources cite each other to provide credence for their claims. China and Russia routinely cite one another\u2019s newspapers.<\/span><\/p>\n

A stolen expert is someone who exists, but they weren\u2019t actually contacted and their research is misinterpreted. Likewise, disinformation agents also steal credibility from known news sources, such as by typo squatting, the practice of setting up a domain name that closely resembles a legitimate organization\u2019s.<\/span><\/p>\n

You can check whether accounts, anecdotal or scientific, have been verified by other reliable sources. Google the name. Check expertise status, source validity and interpretation of research. Remember, one story or interpretation is not necessarily representative.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s all a conspiracy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Conspiratorial narratives involve some malevolent force \u2013 for example, \u201cthe deep state\u201d \u2013 engaged in covert actions with the aim to cause harm to society. That certain conspiracies such as MK-Ultra and Watergate have been confirmed is often offered as evidence for the validity of new unfounded conspiracies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nonetheless, disinformation agents find that constructing a conspiracy is an effective means to remind people of past reasons to distrust governments, scientists or other trustworthy sources.<\/span><\/p>\n

But extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Remember, the conspiracies that were ultimately unveiled had evidence \u2013 often from sources like investigative journalists, scientists and government investigations. Be particularly wary of conspiracies that try to delegitimize knowledge-producing institutions like universities, research labs, government agencies and news outlets by claiming that they are in on a cover-up.<\/span><\/p>\n

Good vs. evil<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Disinformation often serves the dual purpose of making the originator look good and their opponents look bad. Disinformation takes this further by painting issues as a battle between good and evil, using accusations of evilness to legitimize violence. Russia is particularly fond of accusing others of being secret Nazis, pedophiles or Satanists. Meanwhile, they often depict their soldiers as helping children and the elderly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Be especially wary of accusations of atrocities like genocide, especially under the attention-grabbing \u201cbreaking news\u201d headline. Accusations abound. Verify the facts and how the information was obtained.<\/span><\/p>\n

Are you with us or against us?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A false dichotomy narrative sets up the reader to believe that they have one of two mutually exclusive options; a good or a bad one, a right or a wrong one, a red pill or a blue pill. You can accept their version of reality or be an idiot or \u201csheeple.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

There are always more options than those being presented, and issues are rarely so black and white. This is just one of the tactics in brigading, where disinformation agents seek to silence dissenting viewpoints by casting them as the wrong choice.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turning the tables<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Whataboutism is a classic Russian disinformation technique they use to deflect attention from their own wrongdoings by alleging the wrongdoings of others. These allegations about the actions of others may be true or false but are nonetheless irrelevant to the matter at hand. The potential past wrongs of one group does not mean you should ignore the current wrongs of another.<\/span><\/p>\n

Disinformation agents also often cast their group as the wronged party. They only engage in disinformation because their \u201cenemy\u201d engages in disinformation against them; they only attack to defend; and their reaction was appropriate, while that of others was an overreaction. This type of competitive victimhood is particularly pervasive when groups have been embedded in a long-lasting conflict.<\/span><\/p>\n

In all of these cases, the disinformation agent is aware that they are deflecting, misleading, trolling or outright fabricating. If you don\u2019t believe them, they at least want to make you question what, if anything, you can believe.<\/span><\/p>\n

You often look into the things you buy rather than taking the advertising at face value before you hand over your money. This should also go for what information you buy into.<\/span><\/p>\n

H. Colleen Sinclair<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>Louisiana State University<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Mauritius Times ePaper Friday 15 December 2023<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Disinformation campaigns often use a set of rhetorical devices that you can learn to spot, like conspiracy narratives, good versus evil framing, and revealed secrets.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":139,"featured_media":39183,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8348],"tags":[120,19557,41953,27496,41954,2834,6722,11799],"class_list":["post-39182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-conversation","tag-china","tag-disinformation","tag-information-warfare","tag-misinformation","tag-propoganda","tag-russia","tag-social-media","tag-technology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/C-Disinformation.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8QzSF-abY","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/139"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39182"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39182\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39183"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}