![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/The-Conversation-e1535448713758.jpg?resize=185%2C19&ssl=1\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Women-demand-justice-for-Mexico.jpg?resize=640%2C427&ssl=1\")
Women demand justice for Mexico\u2019s many murdered women at a protest against gender violence in Mexico CIty, Aug. 15, 2020.\u00a0Nadya Murillo \/ Eyepix Group\/Barcroft Media via Getty Images<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\nIt\u2019s a pandemic within the pandemic. Across Latin America, gender-based violence has spiked since COVID-19 broke out.<\/span><\/p>\n Almost 1,200 women disappeared in Peru between March 11 and June 30, the Ministry of Women reported. In Brazil, 143 women in 12 states were murdered in March and April \u2013 a 22% increase over the same period in 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n Reports of rape, murder and domestic violence are also way up in Mexico. In Guatemala, they\u2019re down significantly \u2013 a likely sign that women are too afraid to call the police on the partners they\u2019re locked down with.<\/span><\/p>\n The pandemic worsened but did not create this problem: Latin America has long been among the world\u2019s deadliest places to be a woman.<\/span><\/p>\n Don\u2019t blame \u2018machismo\u2019<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n I have spent three decades studying gendered violence as well as women\u2019s organizing in Latin America, an increasingly vocal and potent social force.<\/span><\/p>\n Though patriarchy is part of the problem, Latin America\u2019s gender violence cannot simply be attributed to \u201cmachismo.\u201d Nor is gender inequality particularly extreme there. Education levels among Latin American women and girls have been rising for decades and \u2013 unlike the U.S. \u2013 many countries have quotas for women to hold political office. Several have elected women presidents.<\/span><\/p>\n My research, which often centers on Indigenous communities, traces violence against women in Latin America instead to both the region\u2019s colonial history and to a complex web of social, racial, gender and economic inequalities.<\/span><\/p>\n I\u2019ll use Guatemala, a country I know well, as a case study to unravel this thread. But we could engage in a similar exercise with other Latin American countries or the U.S., where violence against women is a pervasive, historically rooted problem, too \u2013 and one that disproportionately affects women of color.<\/span><\/p>\n In Guatemala, where 600 to 700 women are killed every year, gendered violence has deep roots. Mass rape carried out during massacres was a tool of systematic, generalized terror during the country\u2019s 36-year civil war, when citizens and armed insurgencies rose up against the government. The war, which ended in 1996, killed over 200,000 Guatemalans.<\/span><\/p>\n Mass rape has been used as a weapon of war in many conflicts. In Guatemala, government forces targeted Indigenous women. While Guatemala\u2019s Indigenous population is between 44% and 60% Indigenous, based on the census and other demographic data, about 90% of the over 100,000 women raped during the war were Indigenous Mayans.<\/span><\/p>\n Testimonies from the war demonstrate that soldiers saw Indigenous women as having little humanity. They knew Mayan women could be raped, killed and mutilated with impunity. This is a legacy of Spanish colonialism. Starting in the 16th century, Indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants across the Americas were enslaved or compelled into forced labor by the Spanish, treated as private property, often brutally.<\/span><\/p>\n Some Black and Indigenous women actually tried to fight their ill treatment in court during the colonial period, but they had fewer legal rights than white Spanish conquerors and their descendants. The subjugation and marginalization of Black and Indigenous Latin Americans continues into the present day.<\/span><\/p>\n Internalized oppression<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n In Guatemala, violence against women affects Indigenous women disproportionately, but not exclusively. Conservative Catholic and evangelical moral teachings hold that women should be chaste and obey their husbands, creating the idea that men can control the women with whom they are in a sexual relationship.<\/span><\/p>\n In a 2014 survey published by the Latin American Public Opinion Project at Vanderbilt University, Guatemalans were more accepting of gender violence than any other Latin Americans, with 58% of respondents saying suspected infidelity justified physical abuse.<\/span><\/p>\n Women as well as men have internalized this view. During my research in Guatemala and Mexico, many women shared stories about how their own mothers, mother-in-law or neighbors told them to \u201caguantar\u201d \u2013 put up with \u2013 their husbands\u2019 abuse, saying it was a man\u2019s right to punish bad wives.<\/span><\/p>\n The media, police and often even official justice systems reinforce strict constraints on women\u2019s behavior. When women are murdered in Guatemala and Mexico \u2013 a daily occurrence \u2013 headlines often read, \u201cMan Kills His Wife Because of Jealousy.\u201d In court and online, rape survivors are still accused of \u201casking for it\u201d if they were assaulted while out without male supervision.<\/span><\/p>\n How to protect women<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Latin American countries have made many creative, serious efforts to protect women.<\/span><\/p>\n Seventeen have passed laws making feminicide \u2013 the intentional killing of women or girls because they are female \u2013 its own crime separate from homicide, with long mandatory prison sentences to try to deter this. Many countries have also created women-only police stations , produced statistical data on feminicide, improved reporting avenues for gendered violence and funded more women\u2019s shelters.<\/span><\/p>\n Guatemala even created special courts where men accused of gender violence \u2013 whether feminicide, sexual assault or psychological violence \u2013 are tried.<\/span><\/p>\n Research I conducted with my colleague, political scientist Erin Beck, finds that these specialized courts have been important in recognizing violence against women as a serious crime, punishing it and providing victims with much-needed legal, social and psychological support. But we also found critical limitations related to insufficient funding, staff burnout and weak investigations.<\/span><\/p>\n There is also an enormous linguistic and cultural gap between judicial officials and in many parts of the country the largely Indigenous, non-Spanish-speaking women they serve. Many of these women are so poor and geographically isolated they can\u2019t even make it into court, leaving flight as their only option of escaping violence.<\/span><\/p>\n The collective body<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n All these efforts to protect women \u2013 whether in Guatemala, elsewhere in Latin America or the U.S. \u2013 are narrow and legalistic. They make feminicide one crime, physical assault a different crime, and rape another \u2013 and attempt to indict and punish men for those acts.<\/span><\/p>\n But they fail to indict the broader systems that perpetuate these problems, like social, racial, and economic inequalities, family relationships and social mores.<\/span><\/p>\n Some Indigenous women\u2019s groups say gendered violence is a collective problem that needs collective solutions.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cWhen they rape, disappear, jail or assassinate a woman, it is as if all the community, the neighborhood, the community or the family has been raped,\u201d said the Mexican Indigenous activist Marichuy at a rally in Mexico City in 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n In Marichuy\u2019s analysis, violence against one Indigenous woman is the result of an entire society that dehumanizes her people. So simply sending the abuser to prison is not sufficient. Gendered violence calls for a punishment that both implicates the community and the offender \u2013 and tries to heal them.<\/span><\/p>\n Some Mexican Indigenous communities have autonomous police and justice systems, which use discussion and mediation to reach a verdict and emphasize reconciliation over punishment. Sentences of community service \u2013 whether construction, digging drainage or other manual labor \u2013 serve to both punish and socially reintegrate offenders. Terms range from a few weeks for simple theft to eight years for murder.<\/span><\/p>\n Stopping gendered violence in Latin America, the U.S. or anywhere will be a complicated, long-term process. And grand social progress seems unlikely in a pandemic. But when lockdowns end, restorative justice seems like a good way to start helping women and our communities.<\/span><\/p>\n Lynn Marie Stephen<\/span><\/strong> * Published in print edition on 25 August 2020<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Reports of rape, domestic abuse and murdered women are way up in Brazil, Mexico, Peru and beyond since the coronavirus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":139,"featured_media":28381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8348],"tags":[26447,18560,26451,11540,26449,26450,26444,26452,5290,26446,26445,26453,26448,10796],"class_list":["post-28380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-conversation","tag-criminal-justice","tag-domestic-violence","tag-femicide","tag-gender","tag-gender-violence","tag-guatemala","tag-indigenous-people","tag-indigenous-women","tag-latin-america","tag-machismo","tag-rape","tag-truth-and-reconciliation-series","tag-violence-against-women","tag-women"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Women-demand-justice-for-Mexico.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8QzSF-7nK","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/139"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28380\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nPhilip H. Knight Chair, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, <\/span>
\nGraduate Faculty Indigenous, Race, and Ethnic Studies, University of Oregon<\/span><\/p>\n
\n