{"id":1710,"date":"2012-06-08T13:16:04","date_gmt":"2012-06-08T13:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/2012\/06\/08\/vina-ballgobin-34\/"},"modified":"2019-09-30T13:41:39","modified_gmt":"2019-09-30T09:41:39","slug":"vina-ballgobin-34","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mauritiustimes.com\/mt\/vina-ballgobin-34\/","title":{"rendered":"Un projet de loi pour les victimes d\u2019abus sexuels et du trafic humain"},"content":{"rendered":"

Combat contre l\u2019esclavage moderne <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

By Vina Ballgobin<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vivre comme un esclave ou vivre libre\u00a0: que choisirions-nous si une de ces enfants-mineures \u00e9tait notre propre fils ou notre propre fille ?<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Le crime, la drogue et le trafic humain : ces trois fl\u00e9aux existent aussi \u00e0 Maurice. Souvent, quand on parle de trafic humain, on pense aux pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s et \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande. On oublie que nous vivons dans un village global. Le trafic humain concerne le travail forc\u00e9 et l\u2019exploitation sexuelle des humains sans aucune barri\u00e8re physique ou morale. C\u2019est l\u2019esclavage moderne. C\u2019est un acte criminel. C\u2019est une injustice envers les enfants-mineurs, gar\u00e7ons ou filles.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHuman trafficking, slavery and exploitation of the weak are as ancient as civilization itself. Since ancient times, affluent people have kept and traded in slaves for physical pleasure, manual labor, and profit. Over four hundred years ago, Africans were seized from their homelands and carried over the Atlantic to be exported to different parts of the world for labor. The same slaves who were used for labor were often exploited to fulfill the sexual desires of their owners and masters. The bloodiest war in the history of the United States was fought in large part to end the ugly practice of exploiting other human beings for profit, personal gain and pleasure. Today, we are once again joined in a war. This time it is marked by battles fought largely in private places against shadowy figures who are illusive and ruthless.\u201d <\/span>(Walters and Davis 2011)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il est difficile de conna\u00eetre le nombre exact d\u2019enfants-mineurs concern\u00e9s par le trafic humain dans chaque pays au monde mais il est connu que ce milieu criminel recrute des enfants-mineurs des deux sexes qui fuguent du toit familial \u2013 un milieu de vie violent — et se retrouvent sans domicile. Aux Etats-Unis, divers rapports indiquent que 80% des enfants fugueurs ont subi des agressions physiques ou sexuelles et plus de 244,000 enfants courent le risque de devenir objet du march\u00e9 de l\u2019exploitation sexuelle.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAccording to a 2008 US Health and Human Services report, trafficking victims share common characteristics that make them vulnerable to traffickers:
\n– They come from countries or communities with high crime rates, poverty, and corruption.
\n– They lack opportunities for education.
\n– They lack family support (e.g. are orphaned, runaway\/ thrown-away, homeless, have family members collaborating with traffickers).
\n– They have histories of physical and\/or sexual abuse.\u201d <\/span>(Walters and Davis 2011)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019industrie de la prostitution infantile<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Les \u00ab\u00a0trafiquants domestiques\u00a0\u00bb sont \u00e0 l\u2019aff\u00fbt de l\u2019occasion pour tromper les enfants-mineurs vuln\u00e9rables et, ainsi, alimenter en esclaves l\u2019industrie de la prostitution infantile.\u00a0 Dans certains pays, on distingue un autre type de prostitution\u00a0: la prostitution des adolescents-mineurs ou domestic minor sex trafficking.<\/em> Les criminels du trafic humain les recueillent, les font vivre dans un monde idyllique pendant un court instant, et finalement, ils abusent de leur confiance. Ensuite, il arrive le moment o\u00f9 les enfants-mineurs sont battus physiquement et tortur\u00e9s mentalement et \u00e9motionnellement. Ces jeunes\u00a0 sont oblig\u00e9s de se prostituer pour vivre, sans aucune issue de sortie, traumatis\u00e9s et sans soutien financier. L\u2019\u00e2ge de ces enfants-mineurs varie de 12 \u00e0 18 ans. Ils sont les rouages de l\u2019industrie du trafic humain pour l\u2019exploitation sexuelle. Lorsque ces enfants sont victimes d\u2019abus sexuels dans leur propre milieu familial, ils deviennent presque toujours victimes de ce trafic odieux. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTraffickers are individuals and organizations who trade in human beings as commodities. (\u2026) Often they are part of organized crime groups and are increasingly members of Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs). (\u2026) Some traffickers are also part of family operations that exploit both outsiders and members of the extended family and local community (\u2026) Many different kinds of persons engage in human trafficking – independent contractors, pimps, sexual predators, and diplomats as well as neighbors, friends and relatives. Some of these criminals are situational, meaning that they engage in trafficking on a limited or one-time basis, while others are full-time purveyors of humans as commodities. (\u2026) Traffickers target children because of their vulnerability and gullibility, as well as the market demand for young victims. (\u2026) Studies demonstrate that pimps prey on victims as young as 12. Traffickers have been reported targeting their minor victims through the Internet and social networking sites, on telephone chat-lines, in clubs, on the street, through friends, and at shopping malls. They also use fellow students to recruit other girls at schools and after-school programs.\u201d <\/span>(Walters and Davis 2011)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le trafic humain est un march\u00e9 qui ne subit aucune crise. Parmi les consommateurs, on y trouve des touristes qui sont capables de justifier leur acte abominable d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre. Sont-ils croyants ou ath\u00e9es\u00a0? La question ne se pose plus \u00e0 ce niveau de d\u00e9cadence. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAccording to the US Department of Justice, some perpetrators rationalize their sexual encounters with children with the idea that they are helping the children to financially better themselves and their families. Paying a child for his or her services allows a tourist to avoid guilt by convincing himself he is helping the child and the child’s family to escape economic hardship. Others try to justify their behavior by reasoning that children in foreign countries are less \u2018sexually inhibited\u2019, and through the belief that their destination country does not have the same social taboos against having sex with children. Still other perpetrators are drawn towards child sex while abroad because they enjoy the anonymity that comes with being in a foreign land.\u201d (US Department of Justice Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section. Child sexual trafficking. Available at: http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/criminal\/ceos\/sextour.html)<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans diff\u00e9rents pays, les recherches d\u00e9montrent que la prostitution entra\u00eene des risques pour la sant\u00e9, notamment\u00a0 h\u00e9patite A, h\u00e9patite C, syphilis, HIV, consommation \u00e9lev\u00e9 de drogue. Il existe des probl\u00e8mes respiratoires (bronchite, asthme), des probl\u00e8mes cardio-vasculaires, an\u00e9mie, d\u2019autre probl\u00e8mes tels que ulc\u00e8re, diab\u00e8te, rein ou foie d\u00e9fectueux, probl\u00e8mes neurologiques (convulsions, \u00e9pilepsie, migraine). Par ailleurs, les enfants-mineures victimes d\u2019abus sexuels souffrent de plusieurs types de probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 bien r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s. La violence perp\u00e9tr\u00e9e sur les enfants-mineures donne naissance \u00e0 un taux \u00e9lev\u00e9 de maladies chroniques telles que blessures physiques (\u00e0 la t\u00eate), probl\u00e8mes gyn\u00e9cologiques, probl\u00e8mes psychologiques (associ\u00e9s aux \u00e9v\u00e9nements traumatiques, post-traumatiques et au stress v\u00e9cus), probl\u00e8mes dus \u00e0 une consommation accrue de drogue. Plus de 70% d\u2019entre elles pensent au suicide et plus de 50% tentent de mettre fin \u00e0 leur vie.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab Childhood sexual abuse (\u2026) is (\u2026) a known correlate of prostitution and poor health outcome\u201d (Mandi et al 2008).<\/span><\/p>\n

Images st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9es<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

De plus en plus, les pays concern\u00e9s par ce probl\u00e8me sont en train de cr\u00e9er des lois pour prot\u00e9ger les enfants-mineurs et sensibilisent les populations locales \u00e0 travers l\u2019\u00e9ducation communautaire. Toutefois, il existe des freins en termes d\u2019images st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9es. Par exemple, on dira que la prostitution d\u2019adolescents concerne les drogu\u00e9s, ceux qui se vendent dans la rue par plaisir et ceux qui acceptent les activit\u00e9s\u00a0 pornographiques contre de l\u2019argent sonnant et tr\u00e9buchant. Un peu partout, le conservatisme utilise les m\u00eames strat\u00e9gies\u00a0: on n\u2019accuse pas les criminels qui exploitent sans aucune honte les enfants-mineurs mais on condamne plut\u00f4t les enfants-mineurs en cr\u00e9ant des malentendus sur les d\u00e9finitions \u00e9labor\u00e9es et les politiques mises en place par les autorit\u00e9s. D\u2019autres, les peureux, pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent garder le silence et ne jamais \u00e9voquer ce probl\u00e8me. Ce sont les \u00abcoum sa mem sa, pas capave fer nanrien.\u00bb<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans certains pays, comme aux Etats-Unis, il y a une certaine transparence dans le combat contre le trafic humain. Certains enfants-mineurs sont sauv\u00e9s de ce milieu et plac\u00e9s dans des familles d\u2019accueil. Toutefois, les recherches d\u00e9montrent que ces enfants passent par un processus \u00e9motionnel extr\u00eamement complexe. Il faut un temps relativement long avant qu\u2019ils ne s\u2019adaptent \u00e0 un nouvel environnement et \u00e0 une nouvelle famille. La famille d\u2019origine, les abus physiques et sexuels subis et v\u00e9cus, le traumatisme de la s\u00e9paration et de l\u2019abus de confiance des adultes cr\u00e9ent une certaine tension \u00e9motionnelle chez l\u2019enfant-mineur. Ce dernier a tendance \u00e0 en vouloir aux parents adoptifs. Les enfants, s\u00e9par\u00e9s de leurs parents, souffrent de d\u00e9pression la plupart du temps. Ils ne se sentent pas en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ou ils souffrent d\u2019une ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 chronique. Certaines jeunes filles mineures ont un enfant qu\u2019elles doivent apprendre \u00e0 \u00e9lever seules, et ce, dans des conditions pr\u00e9caires. Assumer une\u00a0 responsabilit\u00e9 aussi lourde a des cons\u00e9quences sur leur sant\u00e9\u00a0: elles n\u2019ont ni le temps ni l\u2019\u00e9nergie n\u00e9cessaire pour sortir de leur traumatisme.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cResearch tells us that children who are raised in environments with limited adverse experiences are more likely to grow up to be healthy, productive adults than those with negative childhood experiences, such as abuse and neglect. Unfortunately, some children are denied the chance to flourish. The CHILDREN AT RISK documentaries \u201cDomestic Minor Sex Trafficking\u201d and \u201cInternational Human Trafficking\u201d draw attention to the dire consequences of our failure as a society to ensure that all children are raised with healthy experiences in safe and loving environments. It is our collective responsibility to put policies and services into place to prevent child prostitution from happening in the first place, while also providing treatment and care for the victims of prostitution. (\u2026) While increasing our focus on prevention is of paramount importance, we must also more effectively address how our system responds to the children who are brought into prostitution. Children who enter into prostitution are victims of our society\u2019s failure to nurture them and protect them from harm. (\u2026) Child sexual abuse exploits and degrades children and causes serious damage to their emotional and physical health, putting them at risk for long-term serious health consequences and shortened life expectancies.\u201d <\/span>(Gavaghan 2011)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Oui, il faut d\u00e9finitivement prot\u00e9ger la vie. Combien de temps encore les enfants-mineures seront-elles les esclaves \u00e0 mettre au monde de futurs esclaves pour satisfaire les besoins financiers de prox\u00e9n\u00e8tes-colons\u00a0? Les enfants-mineures sont-elles de la vulgaire marchandise pour alimenter l\u2019industrie de l\u2019exploitation sexuelle\u00a0? Ou faudrait-il leur accorder des droits en votant en faveur du projet de loi pour l\u2019avortement dans des conditions sp\u00e9cifiques<\/em> afin qu\u2019elles y puissent trouver – enfin – un moyen d\u2019\u00e9chapper \u00e0 l\u2019esclavage moderne\u00a0? Devons-nous leur donner l\u2019occasion de\u00a0 se reconstruire et de vivre leur enfance ? Vivre comme un esclave ou vivre libre\u00a0: que choisirions-nous si une de ces enfants-mineures \u00e9tait notre propre fils ou notre propre fille ?<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Busch-Armendariz N. B., Nsonwu M.B., Cook Heffron, L., Hernandez M., & Garza J. 2009. <\/span>Assessing the needs of human trafficking victims: an evaluation of the Central Texas Coalition Against Human Trafficking Phase II<\/span><\/em>. Austin: Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, School of Social Work, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Clark M.A. 2003. Trafficking in persons: an issue of human security. Journal of Human Development<\/em>. 4(2):247<\/span><\/p>\n

Gavaghan\u00a0 B. (2011). Prioritizing Healthy Child Development Could Prevent Child Prostitution. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0 2(1), Article 15.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giardino, A. P. and Sanborn, R. D. 2011. Human Trafficking: Awareness, Data and Policy, Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk<\/em>. 2(1), Article 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krugman R. D., Leventhal J.M. 2005. Confronting child abuse and neglect and overcoming gaze aversion: the unmet challenge of centuries of medical practice. Child Abuse Negl<\/em>; 29(4):307-309.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mandi L. Burnette, PhD; Emma Lucas, MPH, MSW; Mark Ilgen, PhD; Susan M. Frayne, MD, MPH; Julia Mayo, BA; Julie C. Weitlauf, PhD<\/span><\/span>. 2008. Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry<\/em>. 65(3):337-344.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sciarra D. 1999. Intrafamilial separations in the immigrant family: implications for cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development<\/em>. 27(1):31-41.<\/span><\/p>\n

Smith L. A., Vardaman S. H., Snow M.A. 2009. The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking. <\/em>Shared Hope International.<\/span><\/p>\n

Walters J. and Davis P. H. 2011. Human Trafficking, Sex Tourism, and Child Exploitation on the Southern Border. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk<\/em> 2(1), Article 6.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

* Published in print edition on 8 June 2012<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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